Acid-synergized grafting of sodium styrene sulfonate onto electron beam irradiated-poly(vinylidene fluoride) films for preparation of fuel cell membrane

The role of acid addition in synergizing radiation induced grafting of sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) onto electron beam-irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films as a single-step route for preparation of proton exchange membranes containing sulfonic acid groups was systematically investigated. The grafting reaction, known for its poor kinetics, was studied using SSS diluted in various solvents and solvent/acid solutions of different concentrations and volumes. The addition of acid solution was found to marvelously synergize the grafting reaction from very low values (e.g., 0.5%) to achieve high degrees (e.g., 65%) of grafting and such synergetic effect depends on the type, concentration and volume of the added acid. The degree of grafting was also found to be function of the monomer concentration and the irradiation dose at constant acid concentration and volume. The obtained membranes were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The results of present study reveal that grafting of SSS to levels suitable for fuel cell application onto PVDF film is only possible by adding aqueous acids solution. Moreover, the addition of acid makes this shorter single-step method more economical route for preparation of proton exchange membranes for fuel cells