A new Miocene whale-fall community from Japan

Whale bones with associated molluscs have been found in a carbonate concretion in the late middle Miocene Nupinai Formation of eastern Hokkaido, Japan. The concretion contains volcaniclastic grains, pyrite and authigenic carbonate and quartz cements. Pyrite also coats and occurs within bone fragments, which are corroded and partially bored. The whale bone associated molluscs are the bivalves Vesicomya kawadai (Aoki), Vesicomya sp., Calyptogena chitanii (Kanehara), Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) and Adipicola sp., and the gastropod Provanna? sp. These species represent a whale-fall community in the sulphophilic ecological stage. The Nupinai Formation community shares genera and species with contemporary whale-fall and cold seep assemblages and is more like modern whale-fall communities in its taxonomic composition than those Eocene-Oligocene examples from Washington State, USA