Active learning: Self-directed learning and independent work

Why is there so much attention for active learning nowadays and how is the current wave of interest in active learning different from previous ones? This chapter starts with a conceptual distinction between two forms of active learning: self-directed learning and independent work. Then the reasons are given which have been put forward for placing a greater emphasis on active as opposed to more passive forms of learning in recent years. After reviewing the skills and competencies which learners need to develop in order to function effectively as active learners, several factors are discussed which can inhibit the development of active learning in schools and colleges. Finally, the conditions under which self-directed learning and independent work can be promoted in the classroom are examined, with particular attention to instructional programs which integrate 'learning to learn' and 'learning to think' approaches within the teaching of specific disciplines and in genera