Keywords: Variational

Macroscopic fundamental diagram macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD). It has also been shown that heterogeneity in the At the link scale, traffic flows can be unpredictable or chaotic when a network is critically congested because of different driving behavior patterns, the effect of route choice, the fast dynamics of link travel times and origin–destination tables and the computational complexity (too many particles/cars). These observations make the development of global traffic manage-ment strategies, to improve mobility for a large signalized traffic network with a microscopic analysis, intractable. An alter-native is a hierarchical control structure, where a network can be partitioned in homogeneous regions (with small spatia