Impact of Spiritual Symptoms and Their Interactions on Health Services and Life Satisfaction

PURPOSE Recent work suggests that the biopsychosocial model should be expanded to include the spiritual dimension as well. The purpose of this study was to assess the independent effects of spiritual symptoms and their interactions with biopsychosocial symptoms on health care utilization, extreme use of ser-vices, and life satisfaction among primary care patients. METHODS Three hundred fi fty-three adult waiting room patients at 2 primary care clinics completed the Biopsychosociospiritual Inventory (BioPSSI) as well as measures of life satisfaction and health care use. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was performed with each outcome to determine whether adding spiri-tual symptoms and their interaction terms better accounted for outcomes than demographics, functional status, and chronic medical problems alone. RESULTS Spiritual symptoms (alone or in interaction) were associated with 7 of the 10 outcomes and were particularly important to extreme use of health care services and life satisfaction. Among best-fi t models, spiritual symptoms alone were signifi cantly associated with any mental health use (β = 0.694, P ≤.05), fair-poor health status (β = 0.837, P ≤.05), and life lacking meaning (β = 1.214, P ≤.001). CONCLUSIONS This study has shown the relevance of spiritual symptoms and their interactions to understanding health outcomes. Extreme utilization outcomes were related to the number of chronic problems, as well as to the social-spiritual interaction. Satisfaction outcomes were associated with physical and spiritual symptoms. These fi ndings may have important implications for providing compre-hensive, outcome-based care, as well as for modeling of research fi ndings