Performance comparison of Lead-Carbon Hybrid Ultracapacitors with substrate- integrated and pasted-positive plates

Lead-carbon hybrid ultracapacitors comprise positive lead oxide plates of the lead-acid battery and negative plates of the carbon-based electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC). Accordingly, a lead-carbon hybrid ultracapacitor has the features of both the storage battery and that of an EDLC. In the literature, 1-4 Lead carbon ultracapacitors with pasted-positive plates as well as substrate-integrated positive plates have been reported. However, a performance comparison study on the two types of lead-carbon hybrid ultracapacitors is lacking in the literature. In this study, we present the performance comparison between the two types of lead-carbon hybrid ultracapacitors