Ceftriaxone preconditioning confers neuroprotection in neonatal rats through glutamate transporter 1 upregulation

Objective: This study investigated the hypothesis that ceftriaxone preconditioning ameliorates brain damage in neonatal animals through glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) upregulation. Study design: Sprague Dawley rats were pretreated with ceftriaxone, erythromycin, minocycline, or saline for 5 consecutive days starting from postnatal day 2 (P2), and GLT-1/glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were examined in the P7 brains. After ceftriaxone or saline preconditioning, the P7 rats underwent hypoxic-ischemic (H-I) procedure or sham operation. One week after the procedure (P14), hematoxylin-eosin staining, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) immunostaining, and transferase-mediated deoxyur-idine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were used to examine neuronal damage and possible neurotoxicity. Results: Repeated ceftriaxone injections significantly increased GLT-1 mRNA and protein levels but not GLAST. Following such treatment and H-I procedure, the MAP-2-positive area increased and TUNEL-positive cells decreased. Conclusion: Antenatal ceftriaxone may help to provide neuroprotection in the immature brain and become a new prophylactic strategy to reduce neonatal ence-phalopathy in clinical perinatal medicine