The liberalization and (re)regulation of Dutch gambling markets: National consequences of the changing European context

This paper deals with the liberalization of Dutch gambling markets, in particular the (re)regu-lation of these markets after 2002. It is argued that during the 1990s a neo-liberal ‘‘risk regime’’ of gambling regulation replaced the traditional moralizing and restrictive gambling policies. However, this risk regime has recently been challenged by the development of Internet gam-bling, the discussions about the ‘‘Services Directive’ ’ in the European Parliament and cases brought to the European Court of Justice. These circumstances are redefining the European context for national gambling policies and gambling organizations. Together with a growing risk awareness, this has caused the Dutch government to reconsider its gambling policies. This paper outlines the basic features of the risk regime of gambling regulation, and makes clear that after a decade of great leniency and tremendous market growth, the Dutch gambling mar-kets, including casinos, lotteries and slot machines, were confronted with serious backwashes