Participation of Blacks, Puerto Ricans, and Whites in Voluntary Associations: A Test of Current Theories*

To interpret the relatively high rates of voluntary organization partici-pation among blacks, theorists have developed deprivation and normative explanations. Both interpretations suggest that oppressed minority groups will develop group coherence and salience to their members. However, unlike the deprivation argument, the normative conception does not view the devel-opment of activist norms as an inevitable outcome of this process. By examining the organizational behavior of Puerto Ricans, blacks, and whites in New York City, we test several key postulates from each interpretation. None of the postulates is consistently supported. Most damaging to both arguments is that black ethnic identifiers do not exhibit higher participatory rates than their more assimilated peers. That lower-class black women manifest an unusually active pattern of organizational membership as compared with their male counterparts is shown also to be incompatible with both the deprivation and normative conceptions. Further inquiries into the mechanisms which predis-pose a particular subgroup within a minority population to be more involved in voluntary organizations than another are recommended. Over the last decade and a half, studies have consistently reported that American black rates of participation in voluntary associations generally equal or surpass those of whites once social class and other background variables are taken into account (Antunes and Gaitz; Clemente and Sauer; *We gratefully acknowledge the helpful suggestions of Sherman Krupp, Marvin E. Olsen, Lauren H. Seiler, and Gaye Tuchman. The author's names are ordered alphabetically t