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plantation of electrodes, destruction or direct stimulation of the brain by any means”, aiming primarily at ‘controlling, changing or affecting any emotional or behavioral disturbance’.1 This definition still prevails in the US. Based on the available literature, we deem correct to consider that the current status of psychosurgery is clearly ambiguous: it is a therapeutic resource and an experimental procedure. How-ever, all debates on the ethical dimension of this question cannot ignore the evident difference between psychosurgery in the pe-riod of Egas Muniz pre-frontal leucotomy, afterward modified and divulged by Walter Freeman, and the current psychosurgery techniques, based on neuromodulation procedures. Nowadays the clinical investigations are based on much better known pathophysiogenic principles of the neural systems underlying physiopathogenic principles. They also count on detailed ana