Perception of local shape from shading

Theoretically, metric solid shape is not determined uniquely by shading. Consequently, hu-man vision has difficulty incategorizing shape when shading is the only cue. In the present re-search, subjects were required to categorize shaded quadric surfaces. We found that they were rather poor at this task; they confused hyperbolic and elliptic (both convex and concave) shapes easily. When a cast shadow visually indicated the direction of the illuminant, they were able to notice the concavity or convexity of elliptic shapes. However, they still confused elliptic and hyperbolic ones. Finally, when an animated sequence of eight intensity patterns belonging to one quadric shape had been displayed, the subjects were able to categorize the quadrics. How-ever, the results are still quite moderate. Our experiments indicate-that local shading structure is only a weak shape cue when presented in the absence of other visual cues. With the present generation of rendering algorithms, it is apparently relatively easy to generate very “natu-ral ” images on a computer screen. The three-dimensional impression created by these images is very compelling. However, such an informal observation has to be quanti