The Changing Logic of Japanese Employment Practices A Firm-Level Analysis of Four Industries

In previous decades, the perception of Japan’s employment practices has been strongly intertwined with its economic fortunes. From the 1970s, the employment practices came to be seen as one of the corner-stones of Japan’s economic success. However, this perception changed, albeit with a substantial delay, when the economy proved incapable of returning to its former path of growth after the ‘bubble ’ burst at the end of the 1980s. Like so many of its economic institutions, the employment practices became the subject of substantial criticism in a debate on the revitalisation of Japan’s economy. This study takes its position within this debate by discussing the likelihood, character, and economic consequences of change. Environ-mental changes, like the ageing of the population and the substan-tial decrease in economic growth, require Japanese firms to adapt their human resource management. However, the embeddedness of natio-nal practices limits the scope of firms to make these adjustments; and change is determined by the dialectics between their strategies and existing practices. The firm, as an institution, thus experiences the impact of both the embedded employment practices and the economic impact of environmental changes. Accordingly, it is at the centre of this study. Theories of the firm are used to discuss the contribution of employment practices on efficiency, capabilities, and competitive strength. Case-studies from four different industries – automobile, electronics, construction, and retailing – describe the adaptations made by individual firms. Subsequently, these findings constitute the basis for a discussion of industry-specific employment practices and provide an answer to whether developments such as the rise in performance-based pay and labour mobility have altered the logic of Japanese employment practices. ERIM The Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM) is the Research School (Onderzoekschool) in the field of management of the Erasmus University Rotterdam. The founding participants of ERIM are RSM Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics. ERIM was founded in 1999 and is officially accredited by the Roya