Simple strategies for stable aqueous suspensions of carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are attractive nanoparticles for biological applications due to their broad absorption of light in the UV-Vis-NIR, NIR photoluminescence, unique Raman signature, photothermal response, and large surface area for the covalent and non-covalent conjugation of contrast agents and drugs, DNA/RNA. However, pristine CNT are highly hydrophobic and not biocompatible, requiring functionalization with hydrophilic molecules in order to form stable aqueous suspensions. Here, simple functionalization methods of perylene bisimides and pyrene, to render these polyaromatic molecules amphiphilic, will be presented. Bolaamphiphilic perylene bisimides (PBI) were prepared by the reaction of perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride with -amino acids in good yield, using a simple protocol and avoiding complex purification methods. [1] Pyrene was modified by nitration followed by amination, and further reacted with maleic anhydride yielding carboxylic acid-functionalized pyrene. The CNT aqueous suspensions were studied by absorption and emission spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations were used to support the experimental observations. The possibility of CNT double functionalization (covalent and non-covalent) will be discussed based on CNT solubility studies in surfactant aqueous solutions. Pristine and covalently functionalized CNT, at different functionalization yields, were compared. The CNT were functionalized by the 1,3-dipola