Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Control of Attention in the Prefrontal and

Attention can be focused volitionally by “top-down ” signals derived from task demands and automatically by “bottom-up ” signals from salient stimuli. The frontal and parietal cortices are involved, but their neural activity has not been directly compared. Therefore, we recorded from them simultaneously in monkeys. Prefrontal neurons reflected the target location first during top-down attention, whereas parietal neurons signaled it earlier during bottom-up attention. Synchrony between frontal and parietal areas was stronger in lower frequencies during top-down attention and in higher frequencies during bottom-up attention. This result indicates that top-down and bottom-up signals arise from the frontal and sensory cortex, respectively, and different modes of attention may emphasize synchrony at different frequencies. Volitional shifts of attention are thoughtto depend on “top-down ” signals de-rived from knowledge about the cur-rent task (e.g., finding your lost keys), whereas the automatic “bottom-up ” capture of attention is driven by properties inherent in stimuli— that is, by salience (e.g., a flashing fire alarm) (1–3). Imaging and neurophysiological studie