Toxoplasma gondii Triggers Release of Human and Mouse Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Neutrophils have recently been shown to release DNA-based extracellular traps that contribute to microbicidal killing and have also been implicated in autoimmunity. The role of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in the host response to non-bacterial pathogens has received much less attention. Here, we show that the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii elicits the production of NETs from human andmouse neutrophils. Tachyzoites of each of the three major parasite strain types were effi-ciently entrapped within NETs, resulting in decreased parasite viability. We also show that Toxoplasma activates a MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in neutrophils and that the inhibition of this pathway leads to decreased NET formation. To determine if Toxoplasma induced NET formation in vivo, we employed a mouse intranasal infection model. We found that the administration of tachyzoites by this route induced a rapid tissue recruitment of neutrophils with evidence of extracellular DNA release. Taken together, these data indicate a role for NETs in the host innate response to protozoan infection. We propose that NET formation limits infection by direct microbicidal effects on Toxoplasma as well as by interfering with the ability of the parasite to invade target host cells. Neutrophils have long been regarded as one of themost impor-tant of the induced host innate defenders primarily because they are the earliest cells to arrive at sites of infection or inflam-mation in response to chemotactic signals. They can rapidly accu-mulate in large numbers and deploy a diverse arsenal of weapon