Mice without macroH2A histone variants

MacroH2A core histone variants have a unique structure that includes a C-terminal nonhistone domain. They are highly con-served in vertebrates and are thought to regulate gene expression. However, the nature of genes regulated by macroH2As and their biological significance remain unclear. Here, we examine macroH2A function in vivo by knocking out bothmacroH2A1 andmacroH2A2 in the mouse. While macroH2As are not required for early development, the absence of macroH2As impairs prenatal and postnatal growth and can significantly reduce reproductive efficiency. The distributions of macroH2A.1- and macroH2A.2-containing nucleosomes show substantial overlap, as do their effects on gene expression. Our studies in fetal and adult liver indicate that macroH2As can exert large positive or negative effects on gene expression, with macroH2A.1 and macroH2A.2 acting synergistically on the expression of some genes and apparently having opposing effects on others. These ef-fects are very specific and in the adult liver preferentially involve genes related to lipid metabolism, including the leptin receptor. MacroH2A-dependent gene regulation changes substantially in postnatal development and can be strongly affected by fasting. We propose that macroH2As produce adaptive changes to gene expression, which in the liver focus onmetabolism. MacroH2A core histone variants have a unique structure inwhich an N-terminal H2A domain is connected to a C-ter-minal nonhistone domain (1). TheH2Adomain can substitute for conventional H2A in the nucleosome, and we estimated that 1 in 30 nucleosomes contains a macroH2A in adult rat liver (1, 2)