The Effect o f Ethanol and Its Metabolites on Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolism

The metabolic effects of ethanol are due to a direct action of ethanol or its metabolites, changes in the redox state occurring during its metabo lism, and modifications of the effects of ethanol by several nutritional fac tors. Ethanol causes hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia depending w hether or not glycogen stores are adequate, inhibits protein synthesis, and results in a fatty liver and elevations in serum triglyceride levels. Increases in serum lactate, results from the increased reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide + (NADH/NAD + ) ratio, and hyperuricemia probably occurs owing to the increased turnover of adenine nucleotides after ethanol ingestion. Ethanol decreases thiamine absorption and decreases the enterohepatic circulation of folate. Acetalde-hyde, the major metabolite of ethanol, increases the degradation of pyri-doxal 5 '-phosphate by displacing it from its binding protein and making it susceptible to hydrolysis by m em brane-bound alkaline phosphatase