Robert Weissman Multinational Monitor

The rapid commercialization of applied genetics in the mtd-1970s, accompanied by a sudden rise in academic-corporate partnerships, raised questions about the impacts these linkages have had on the social and professional norms of scientists. The extent and pattern of faculty tnvolvement in commercialization of biological research is largely an unexplored area. This article provcdes a quantitative assessment of the linkages between biology faculty in American uncverscties and the newly formed biotechnology industry. The results of thes study, covering the period 1985-88, show that academic scientists responded en masse to participating in the commercialization of genetecs research by estabhshmg formal associations with many of the new biotechnology compances. A data base consisting of 889 U.S. and Canadian biotechnology companies and 832 sccentcsts who had formal ties to them was developed over a four-year period. The patterns of academic-corporate Icnkages are revealed by institution. Three univer-sities with the most commercially active faculty are Harvard, Stanford, and MIT. Of the 359 bcomedeca! scientists and geneteccsts who were members of the Nateonal Academy of Sceences (en 1988), at minimum, 37 % had formal ties with the biotechnology industry. Rapid commercialization of the biological sciences began several years after the 1973 discovery of recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecule techniques. Potential applications of &dquo;gene splicing&dquo; to a wide range of industrial, agricultural, and pharmaceutical products stimulated the founding of hun-dreds of new firms (see Figure 1). Billions of dollars of venture capital were invested in just a few years (U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessmen