RNA structural elements determine frequency and sites of nonhomologous recombination in an animal plus-strand RNA virus

For highly variable RNA viruses, RNA recombination significantly contributes to genetic variations which may lead to changes of virulence, adaptation to new hosts, escape from the host immune response, and emergence of new infectious agents. Using a system based on transfection of cells with synthetic nonreplicable subgenomic transcripts derived from bovine viral diarrhea virus (family Flaviviridae), the existence of a replication-independent mechanism of RNA recombination, in addition to the commonly accepted replicative copy-choice recombination, has been previously proven (A. Gallei et al., J. Virol. 78:6271–6281, 2004). To identify RNA signals involved in efficient joining of RNAmolecules, RNA recombination in living cells was targeted to the 3 = nontranslated region. Molecular characterization of 40 independently emerged recombinant viruses revealed that the ma-jority of recombination sites are located in single-stranded regions of the RNAmolecules. Furthermore, the results of this study showed that the frequency of RNA recombination directly correlated with the RNA amounts of both recombination partners. The frequency can be strongly increased by modification of the 5 = triphosphates and 3 = hydroxyls of the recombining RNAmole-cules to 5 = hydroxyl and 3=monophosphoryl ends, respectively. Analysis of recombinants that emerged after transfection with suchmodified RNAmolecules revealed a complete integration and efficient end-to-end joining of the recombination partner(s) in at least 80 % of recombinants, while unmodified RNAmolecules recombined exclusively at internal positions. These results are in line with the hypothesis that endoribonucleolytic cleavage and a subsequent ligation reaction can cause RNA recombination