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Background: A study was undertaken to evaluate the local and systemic inflammatory response associated with pulmonary complications in immunocompromised patients and potential implications regarding severity and prognosis. Methods: Levels of different inflammatory mediators were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum on days 1 and 4 after the identification of the pulmonary complication in 127 patients with different immunosuppressive conditions. Results: Pulmonary complications were characterised by a high percentage of neutrophils and increased levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10 in the BAL fluid and high serum levels of TNF-a, IL-6, and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP). The inflammatory response was similar in the different groups of immunocompromised patients evaluated. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines were higher in patients with pulmonary infections, particularly those of bacterial aetiology. Patients with a more severe pulmonary infection had a more intense local and systemic inflammatory response. A BAL fluid IL-6 level of.40 pg/ml was an independent predictor of mortality (OR 4.65, 95 % CI 1.3 to 16.1), together with a need for mechanical ventilation (OR 13.5, 95 % CI 3.2 to 57.3). Patients who died had persistently high levels of CRP on day 4