PROBLEMS IN INTEGRATING THE THREE FACETS OF PYD SCHOLARSHIP 385 THE INTEGRATION OF PREVENTIVE AND

Interests in the strengths of youth, the plasticity of human development, and the concept of resilience coalesced in the 1990s to foster the development of the concept of pos-itive youth development (PYD; J. Lerner, Phelps, Forman, & Bowers, 2009). As discussed by Hamilton (1999), the concept of PYD was understood in at least three inter-related but nevertheless different ways: (1) as a develop-mental process; (2) as a philosophy or approach to youth programming; and (3) as instances of youth programs and organizations focused on fostering the healthy or positive development of youth. In the decade following Hamilton’s (1999) discussion of PYD, several different models of the developmental process believed to be involved in PYD were used to frame descrip-tive or explanatory research across the adolescent perio