Screening for alcohol abuse using CAGE scores and likelihood ratios

(acronym referring to four questions, see below) ques-tionnaire in discriminating between medicine outpa-tients with and without an alcohol abuse or depen-dence disorder. • Design: A cross-sectional design of a sample of consecutive patients who received both the alcohol module of the diagnostic interview schedule and the CAGE (Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener) screen-ing questionnaire. • Setting:The outpatient medical practice of an urban university teaching hospital. • Patients: All patients 18 years or older who signed a consent form approved by the university's institutional review board. • Measurement: Calculation of the sensitivity, speci-ficity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and likelihood ratio for CAGE scores of 0 to 4. • Results: Thirty-six percent of the sample group met criteria for a history of alcohol abuse or dependence. A CAGE score of 2 or more was associated with a sensitivity and specificity of 74 % and 91%. The calcu-lated area under the ROC curve was 0.89, whereas the likelihood ratios for CAGE scores of 0 to 4 were 0.14, 1.5, 4.5, 13, and 100, respectively. These ratios were associated with posterior probabilities for an abuse or dependence disorder of 7%, 46%, 72%, 88%, and 98%, respectively. • Conclusion: Clinicians can improve their ability to estimate a patient's risk for an alcohol abuse or depen-dence disorder using likelihood ratios for CAGE scores