Nicotine & Tobacco Research

adolescents who are undergoing rapid growth and maturation processes (Richter, 2006). Smoking is a common risky behavior initiated during adolescence (Dierker, Swendsen, Rose, He, & Merikangas, 2011). As behaviors are often preceded by inten-tions, recognizing the social factors of smoking intention in adolescents is important for smoking prevention (Hruba & Zaloudikova, 2011). Parents and peers play important roles in the social context for adolescents, as they are the common people of significance. Previous studies suggested that parental smoking may be related to initiation of smoking habits in adolescents (Barman, Pulkkinen