Original Contribution Maternal Intake of Supplemental Iron and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Iron deficiency affects 40%–50 % of pregnancies. Iron is critical for early neurodevelopmental processes that are dysregulated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We examined maternal iron intake in relation to ASD risk in California-born children enrolled in a population-based case-control study (the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) Study) from 2003 to 2009 with a diagnosis of ASD (n = 520) or typical development (n = 346) that was clinically confirmed using standardized assessments. Mean maternal daily iron in-takewas quantified on the basis of frequency, dose, and brands of supplements and cereals consumed eachmonth from 3 months before pregnancy through the end of pregnancy and during breastfeeding (the index period), as re-ported in parental interviews. Mothers of cases were less likely to report taking iron-specific supplements during the index period (adjusted odds ratio = 0.63, 95 % confidence interval: 0.44, 0.91), and they had a lower mean daily iron intake (51.7 (standard deviation, 34.0) mg/day) than mothers of controls (57.1 (standard deviation, 36.6) mg/day; P = 0.03). The highest quintile of iron intake during the index period was associated with reduced ASD risk com-pared with the lowest (adjusted odds ratio = 0.49, 95 % confidence interval: 0.29, 0.82), especially during breast-feeding. Low iron intake significantly interacted with advanced maternal age and metabolic conditions; combined exposures were associated with a 5-fold increased ASD risk. Further studies of this link between maternal supple-mental iron and ASD are needed to inform ASD prevention strategies