Environmental set-up and tidal propagation in a tropical estuary with dual connection to the sea (SW Coast of India)

The Kochi Backwater (KB) is the second largest wetland system in India. It is connected to the sea at Fort Kochi and Munambam (30 km north of Kochi). As the tide is forced through two openings, its propagation in the backwater system is very complicated, particularly in the northern arm of the estuary. Using synchronous water level (WL) and current measurements in the KB from a network of stations during 2007-08, it was convenient to demarcate the northern KB into two distinct regions according to the tidal forcing from the north (Pallippuram) and south (Vallarpadam). This demarcation is useful for computing the propagation speeds of the dominant tidal constituents in the northern branch of the KB with dual opening for opposing tides. WL variations indicated that M2 tide (Principal lunar semidiurnal constituent) dominated in the sea level variance, followed by the K1 constituent (Luni-solar declinational diurnal constituent). The M2 tidal influence was strongest near the mouth and decayed in the upstream direction. The propagation speed of the M2 tide in the southern estuary was ~ 3.14 m/s. The ratio of the total annual runoff to the estuarine volume is ~ 42 that indicate the estuary will be flushed 42 times in a year. KB can be classified as a monsoonal estuary where the river discharge exhibits large seasonal variation