Mathematical modeling of trust in automation: Trust, distrust, and mistrust

The purpose of the present study is to understand how people place trust in automation, how the degree of trust can increase or decrease, and how the automation can become mistrusted. We propose a new method of mathematical modeling of trust that explicitly takes into account the operating condition of an automated system. The dynamic aspects of trust, i.e., predictability, dependability, and faith, we involved in the model. Thus far, we have obtained the following findings: (i) Mistrust, such as false distrust or false trust, are special cases of this model. (ii) Uncertainty plays an important role in mediating between dependability and undependability when trust changes. (iii) The proposed model of trust explains the finding in previous studies that decreased trust due to transient fault can easily recover