Commercial carbonaceous materials as lithium intercalation anodes

Commercial carbonaceous materials were examined as l i thium intercalat ion a odes in propylene carbonate (carbons) and ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (graphites) electrolytes. The reversible capacity (180-355 mAh/g) and the irreversible capacity loss (15-200 % based on reversible capacity) depend on the type of binder, carbon type, morphology, and phosphorus doping concentration. A carbon-based binder was chosen for electrode fabrication, producing mechani-cally and chemical ly stable electrodes and reproducible results. Several types of graphites had capacity approaching LiCe. Petroleum fuel green cokes doped with phosphorous gave more than a 20 % increase in capacity compared to undoped samples. Electrochemical characteristics are related to scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x- ray diffraction, and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller method measurements