and not Neandertals. These

The Aurignacian, named after the type site of Aurignac in southern France, is the best known cultural group associat-ed with the spread of modern humans across Europe be-tween about 45,000 and 35,000 years ago. The Protoaurignacian is a cultural group that is well represented in southern Europe and has long been viewed as a precursor of the Aurignacian. In this week’s Science Express, Benazzi et al. (1) use both morpholog-ical arguments and ancient DNA to show that two inci-sors from Protoaurignacian layers at Grotta di Fumane and Riparo Bombrini in Italy are from modern human