Cardiovascular risk;

Epidemiological studies have associated low HDL-cholesterol with an increased risk of morbid coronary events. Accordingly, intervention to correct low HDL-cholesterol may be cardioprotective. A number of randomized intervention studies have addressed this hypothesis using fibrates (the Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention trial, the Helsinki Heart Study, and the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention trial), or nicotinic acid, alone [Coronary Drug Project (CDP)] or in combination [the HDL Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS) and the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease study (IHD)]. These trials demonstrate conclusively that treatments to increase HDL-cholesterol deliver clinically significant improvements in prognosis. Of these trials, the largest improvement in outcomes occurred in the HATS trial, where the incidence of a com-bined coronary endpoint (coronary death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, confirmed stroke, or revascularization for worsening ischaemia) was reduced by 60–90 % in patients receiving treatment based on nicotinic acid combined with a statin. The benefits of nicotinic acid-based treatment appear to be durable, as significant outcome benefits were visible in the group of patients initially randomized to nicotinic acid in the CDP 15 years after randomization, i.e. 9 years after the end of double-blind treatment. The combination of nicotinic acid with a statin appears to be a rational, effective, and safe strategy for minimizing cardiovascular risk in patients with dyslipidaemia