The Concept of Fit in Organizational Research

This paper focuses on the concept of fit as a topic of research. The concept of fit has been viewed as an internal consistency among key strategic decisions or the alignment between strategic choices and critical contingencies with the environment (external), orga-nization (internal), or both (external and internal). A number of research perspectives or approaches related to fit are presented. Re-search design problems are discussed: definition of terms, theoreti-cal issues, and empirical issues. Emphasis is on how key variables or dimensions of fit are defined and measured in research. A six-celled matrix is proposed as a conceptual scheme to distinguish different perspectives of fit and to portray congruence relationships more accurately. The matrix includes three common dimensions: strategy, organization, and environment. The matrix also suggests two levels of strategy—corporate or business—and three domains of fit—external, internal, or integrated. These sug-gest different research perspectives for the study of fit. Examples from the literature are provided to illustrate and support this con-ceptual scheme. Finally, implications for management and further study are outlined