Dense Gas Theory and Fluctuating Hydrodynamics Based on Extended Thermodynamics

Non-equilibrium phenomena with evident spatio-temporal changes in physical quantities are notably interdisciplinary and encountered in engineering, physics, chemistry, biology and so on. For example, such phenomena appear in mesoscopic scale fluid flow, shock waves in the field of high-speed hydrodynamics, ultrasonic waves. In particular, in mesoscopic systems, the effects of fluctuations become essentially significant. These phenomena have been studied from the view point of thermodynamics. For strongly non-equilibrium phenomena, I. Müller, T. Ruggeri and I. S. Liu proposed, developed and applied the extended thermodynamics (ET) theory. ET can be used to describe phenomena beyond the applicable range of well-known theory, that is, thermodynamics of irre-versible processes (TIP) proposed by L. Onsager, C. Eckart, J. Meixner and I. Prigogine. For phenomena with fluctuations, the Landau-Lifshitz (LL) theory, a fluctuating hydrodynamics theory based on TIP has shown scope for future study. However, ET and LL have the following problems: 1. ET is presently limited to rarefied monatomic gases