Regulatory Factors Acting at the Bacteriophage Mu Middle Promoter

Lytic development of bacteriophage Mu proceeds through three phases of transcription: early, middle, and late. Initiation of middle transcription from Pm requires the phage-encoded activator, Mor. An examination of the sequences surrounding the promoter revealed possible binding sites for Mu proteins A and c, as well as for Escherichia coli integration host factor. Promoter fragments containing 5 * and 3 * deletions were fused to the lacZ reporter gene and assayed for activity after induction of a Mu prophage or a plasmid-borne mor gene. Sequences upstream of position262 and downstream of110 were dispensable for promoter activity. In DNase I footprinting with both crude extract and purified protein, Mor protected Pm sequences from position 256 to 233. Mutations disrupting the dyad symmetry of the terminator of early transcription overlapping the Mor binding site did not reduce promoter activity, suggesting that the symmetry per se is not required for Mor binding or Pm activation. Purified Mu lysogenic repressor (c) also bound to Pm, overlapping the Mor binding site. Production of large amounts of repressor in vivo reduced Mor-dependent promoter activity nearly 10-fold. Promoters with mutations in the repressor binding site showed a reduction in this repressor-mediated inhibition of Pm activity. Mu is a temperate bacteriophage of Escherichia coli K-12 and several other enteric bacteria (41). It integrates into es