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Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria have the unique ability to synthesize fatty acids con-taining linearly concatenated cyclobutane rings, termed “ladderane lipids. ” In this study we investigated the effect of temperature on the ladderane lipid composition and distribution in anammox enrichment cultures, marine particulate organic matter, and surface sediments. Under controlled laboratory conditions we observed an increase in the amount of C20 [5]-ladderane fatty acids compared with the amount of C18 [5]-ladderan