I would like to use this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who sup-ported me throughout my PhD studies. First and foremost, I have to thank my research advisors, Osman Unsal and Adrian Cristal. Without their assistance and dedicated involvement in every step through-out the process, this dissertation would have never been accomplished. I was warned in my first year of PhD that I would hate my advisors before the gradu-ation. I am sincerely grateful to Osman and Adrian that they have proved that this claim has an exception. Both Osman Unsal and Adrian Cristal have always been supportive, showed their confidence, provided the best research environment and been thoughtful to supply opportunities even more than I asked for. I woul...