REVIEW Retrospective Studies A Review for the Clinician

The retrospective or case-control method of epidemiologic investigation is described and compared with the prospective (cohort) method. Both methods have the weakness of being observational or nonexperimental in nature. Two methods employed in retrospective studies for reducing (but never eliminating) the likelihood of spurious inferences through indirect association are matching controls to cases with respect to possible confounding factors, and statistical adjustment. Some etiologic factors or susceptibility-associated factors that have been identified by studies of this type are smoking, in relation to lung cancer and other conditions; oral contraception, in relation to intravascular thrombosis; features of the reproductive history, in relation to breast and cervical cancer; and maternal rubella, in relation to congenital defects. The results of properl