The Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE),

Signs and symptoms of ischemia in the absence of obstruc-tive coronary artery disease (CAD) represent an impor-tant clinical problem, especially for women. Indeed, women with signs and symptoms of ischemia, but without obstructive CAD, are at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events compared with asymptomatic community-based women.1 Moreover, symptom-driven health care is costly, with average lifetime cost estimates of>$750 000.2 Editorial see p 420 Clinical Perspective on p 51