Development and application of clinical prediction rules to improve decision making in physical therapist practice

linical prediction rules (CPRs) are tools designed to improve decision making in clinical practice by assisting practitioners in making a particular diagnosis, establishing a prognosis, or matching patients to optimal interventions based on a parsimonious subset of predictor variables from the history and physical examination.1,2 Clinical prediction rules have been developed to improve decision making for many conditions in medical practice, including the diagnosis of proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT),3 strep throat,4 coronary artery disease,5 and pulmonary embolism.6 Clinical prediction rules also have been developed to assist in establishing a prognosis such as determining when to discontinue resuscitative efforts after cardiac arrest in the hospital,7 determining the likelihood of death within 4 years for people with coronary artery disease,7 identifying children who are at risk for developing urinary tract infections,8 and identifying the characteristics of patients who are likely to develop postoperative nausea and vomiting after anesthesia.9 Clinical prediction rules have recently been developed that can improve decision making in physical therapist practice. Examples include prediction rules to improve the accuracy of diagnosing ankle fractures (ie, “the Ottawa Ankle Rules”)10 and knee fractures (ie, “the Ottawa Knee Rules”)11 in people with acute injuries and to determine when to order radiographs in patients with neck trauma.12 Other prediction rules have been developed to diagnose patients with cervical radiculopathy13 and carpal tunnel syndrome.14 A CPR also has been developed to establish the prognosis of patients with neck pain following a rear-end motor vehicle accident.15 [Childs JD, Cleland JA. Development and application of clinical prediction rules to improve decision making in physical therapist practice. Phys Ther. 2006;86:122–131.