Questionnaire: Scale Development and Validation

Background:Despite the ample interest in the measurement of substance abuse and dependence, obtaining biological samples from participants as a means to validate a scale is considered time and cost intensive and is, subsequently, largely overlooked.Objectives: To report the psychometric properties of the drug use disorder (DUD) questionnaire including oral fluid and blood sample screening indicators measuring the three most commonly used illicit substances—marijuana, cocaine, and extramedicinal painkillers. Subjects: Participants were a subset (N 2,702) of the 2007 U.S. National Roadside Survey that was administered to daytime and nighttime weekend drivers in the 48 contiguous states to examine the prevalence of substance use and misuse.Measures: Participants completed demographic and substance use questions as well as the DUD—a 12-ite