Review

Abstract. The navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) is a major insect pest that brings about significant monetary damage to Cali-fornia tree nuts – almonds, pistachios, and walnuts. During their de-velopment, larvae of navel orangeworm feed upon the meat of these nuts causing physical damage and ultimately lowering kernel quality. Moreover, the larvae have been purported to vector aflatoxigenic fungi into the food product and thus represent a serious food safety concern. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain aspergilli – spe-cifically for California tree nuts, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Volatiles have played a large role in efforts to control or monitor navel orangeworm moths. For instance, a blend of almond host plant volatiles has recently been found to attract both male and female navel orangeworm moths during field trapping studies. The origin of many of the components within this host plant blend ap-pears to be from the almond host. However, new reports regardin