Cancer Immun Cancer Immunity

of human cancer generally were present in a rather low (CTLs) after antigenic stimulation in vitro were developed (3, 4), which enabled the search for tumor-associated antigens that are Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR) had shown in human melanoma. This was the start of an intensive and fruitful collaboration over many years. Downloaded fro on May 12, 2016. © 2012 American Assoccancerimmunolres.aacrjournals.org m Georges Köhler and César Milstein developed a method to immortalize antibody-producing B cells (hybridomas) for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1984 together with Niels Jerne (2). This new technique enabled the production of an unlimited amount of antibodies with a known and single specificity and opened a Pandora’s Box for the discovery of multiple cell surface antigens in cancer and other tissues. The hope for antibodies as therapeutic reagents dominated the decade to follow