The Effects of Smoking on Periodontal Therapy: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Literature Review

The positive relationship between smoking and major general health diseases such as cancer, car-diovascular disease, pulmonary disease and negative pregnancy outcomes is already established. Moreover, the association between smoking as a major environmental risk factor for periodontal disease has also been established. Smoking is considered to have negative adverse effect on peri-odontal therapy ranging from non-surgical treatment, periodontal surgery, regenerative proce-dures and implants. This review article will attempt to build on previous studies in the periodon-tal literature in order to present an evidence-based comprehensive literature review on the ef-fects of smoking on periodontal therapy