Value chain restructuring, work organization and labour outcomes in football manufacturing in India

This article seeks to understand why developing country suppliers internal-ize or outsource labour-intensive aspects of production as well as how these internalization/externalization processes affect working conditions in export-orientated industries in the global South. In order to achieve this aim, the article develops a new analytical framework based upon the global value chain approach. Applying this framework to the football manufacturing industry of Jalandhar, India, the article concludes that value chain restructur-ing produces both new forms of work organization and highly gendered outcomes for labour in this industry