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Aims: To determine the prevalence, severity and risk factors associated with pterygium in adults in central Myanmar. Methods: Population-based, cross-sectional survey of the people 40 years and over residing in rural Myanmar. Pterygium was graded for severity (T1 to T3) by visibility of episcleral vessels, and the apical extent was recorded. An autorefractor was used to measure refractive error. Results: There were 2481 subjects identified, and 2076 (83.7%) participated. The prevalence of pterygium in either eye was 19.6 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 16.9 to 22.2) and of bilateral pterygium 8.0 % (95 % CI 7.7 to 8.3). Outdoor occupation was an independent predictor of pterygium (p,0.01). The mean apical extent from th