Systems of gender, race, and class inequality: Multilevel analyses

Research on gender stratification has sometimes neglected howgender inequalities may vary by race/ethnicity and class. This research investigates the chances that white, African American, Hispanic, and Asian women and men reach the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles ofwhite male earnings. It evaluates how these chances have varied across time since 1965and across U.S. metropolitan areas in 1990. In general, the results show asubstantial uniformity ofgender differences across all four racial/ethnic groups and ateach earnings level While there are important exceptions to these general patterns, the permeability ofracial and earnings boundaries to gender dynamics is quite impressive. Similarly, gender boundaries are quite permeable to macro-level racial inequality. It isnowpractically a truismthat gender inequalities oughtto be studied in the context ofotherdimensions ofstratification: race, ethnicity, and class forinstanc