a series of studies conducted by Naveh-Benjamin and his

trated that although older adults were similar to their younger counterparts in learning and remembering single items, they were impaired at learning and remembering the relations among the items, such as determining which combinations of faces and names were previously presented. Additional work has revealed an age-related defi cit in relational learning using the transitive inference (TI) paradigm, in which partici-pants were required to infer a linear hierarchical relationship among six stimuli (A>B>C>D>E>F) based on the presenta-tion of overlapping premise pairs (AB, BC, CD, DE, EF) in which one stimulus had to be selected over the other (e.g., A wins over B; Ryan, Moses, & Villate, 2009). Older adults were less accurate relative to younger adults in correctly choosing the winning stimulus within the premise pairs, suggesting an age-related defi cit in the acquisition of orderly relation