Assessing Effective Teaching of Psychology: A Meta-Analytic Integration of Learning Outcomes

Teaching researchers can assess learning outcome effec-tiveness as a function of students ’ graded performance or changes in knowledge, skills and behaviors, or attitudes.We meta-analyzed 197 studies to determine the effectiveness of teaching activities in Teaching of Psychology (ToP) both overall and also as a function of type of learning outcome assessment. We found that, on average, studies evidenced a medium effect size across types of learning out-comes. Given the effectiveness of ToP teaching activities, researchers should address the (a) potential confounding role of teacher rapport, immediacy, and alliance in evalu-ating teaching effectiveness; (b) ethics of teaching activity development; and (c) appropriateness of using course grades to assess teaching activity effectiveness. The field of teaching of psychology has, in recen