ECOLOGY MOVEMENT

Aarne Naess, in a seminal paper on environmental philosophy, distin-guished between two streams of environmental philosophy and activ-ism—shallow and deep. The deep, long-range ecology movement has de-veloped over the past four decades on a variety of fronts. However, in the context of global conferences on development, population, and environ-ment held during the 1990s, even shallow environmentalism seems to have less priority than demands for worldwide economic growth based on trade liberalization and a free market global economy. “If nature is not a prison and earth a shoddy way-station, we must find the faith and force to affirm its metabolism as our own—or rather, our own as part of it. To do so means nothing less than a shift in our whole frame of reference and our attitude towards life itself, a wider perception of the landscape as a creative, harmonious being where relationships of things are as real as the things. Without losing our sense of a great human destiny and without intellectual surrender, we must affirm that the world is a being, a part of our own body ” (Shepard 1969, 3). When Paul Shepard wrote this passage, he summarized a stream of thought that was developing during the 1960s in the writings of Gar