Cellular and molecular correlates of ectopic activity in patients with atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmia and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current drugs for AF treat-ment have limited efficacy and a substantial risk of proarrhythmic side effects, making novel drug development critical. Emerging evidence suggests that abnormal intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signalling is a key contributor to ectopic (triggered) electrical activity in human AF. Ac-cordingly, atrial Ca2+-handling abnormalities underlying ectopic activity may constitute novel mechanism-based therapeutic approaches to treat AF. This article reviews the recent evidence for a role of cellular ectopic activity in human AF pathophysiology, discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying triggered activity in human atrial myocytes, and considers their relevance to the design of novel therapeutic options