Reciprocal Frame Architecture in Japan

Reciprocal Frame Structures (RF) are a form of a three-dimensional grillage structure. In their simplest configuration they are formed by placing beams in a closed circuit in which each beam is supported by the preceding beam at the inner end, and by an external wall or ring beam on the outer end. In their more complex configurations gridshell-like structures with a double curvature can be formed. Although RFs have been used in many countries throughout history and are known under different names: Serlio-type ceiling; Reciprocal frames, Svastica structures, Nexorades, Lever-arch structures etc., they are not widely known and used in bildings. The most beautiful contemporary examples have been built in Japan. This paper describes and analyses the contemporary Japanese RF examples from the point of view of structural behaviour, geometry, configuration, detailing, materials used and architectural qualities of the buildings