2001) Hegemonic masculine conceptualisation in gang culture, South African

This research sought to investigate the relationship between gang processes and differing forms of masculine expression. Three hundred and sixteen male participants, drawn from secondary schools within Cape Town, were included in the study. These schools were in areas differentially characterised by gang activity. The questionnaire included the newly devised Male Attitude Norm Inventory designed to explore hegemonic conceptualisations of masculinity. Factor analytic procedures rendered a three-factor model stressing the importance of male toughness, success and control. Through a series of t-tests for independent samples, as well as supporting qualitative data, participants from areas characterised by high gang activity were found to support these hegemonic elements to a significantly greater extent. "To whom correspondence should be addressed "Die gangsters van vandag is almal jonk en hulle sterf ook jonk. Een van my beste vriende was 'n 'Ghetto Kid ' toe het ek nie meer met hom gepraat nie. Saterdag skiet ander gangsters hom dood. En hy was net 18jaar oud" (Participant 188: Area B)